Spatial Distribution of Canine Sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1998-2018) and Its Correlation with Socioeconomic Conditions.

Canine sporotrichosis is a poorly described global disease and a spatial approach has not yet been used to assess the disease in dogs. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the occurrence of canine sporotrichosis in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1998 to 2018 and its correlation with socioeconomic characteristics using exploratory spatial data analysis. A total of 295 cases of canine sporotrichosis were identified and 249 were georeferenced. There was a higher concentration of cases in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, as well as along the border of the city and the adjacent municipalities in the great metropolitan area. The cases occurred in areas where most of the dwellings are houses. Moreover, no focus of disease density was found in the southern part of Rio de Janeiro city over the period studied, possibly due to better socioeconomic conditions. Areas with a high concentration of canine sporotrichosis cases coincided with regions that possessed a low proportion of households without paving, suggesting that the disease is not necessarily linked to extreme poverty. The mapping of areas with a greater density of cases is fundamental to formulate targeted and strategic plans in order to implement effective public health prevention and control measures.

Leishmaniose visceral: uma proposta para a mensuração da percepção dos profissionais de saúde em Uruguaiana (Rio Grande do Sul) / Visceral leishmaniosis: a proposal for measuring the perception of health professionals in Uruguaiana (Rio Grande do Sul)

Introdução: A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é  considerada uma das zoonoses mais relevantes das Américas devido à acentuada magnitude, à ampla distribuição geográfica e à alta taxa de letalidade. Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção dos profissionais de saúde quanto à ocorrência da LV em Uruguaiana (Rio Grande do Sul). Método: Estudo observacional transversal empregando um questionário autoaplicável durante o período de dezembro de 2016 a janeiro de 2017. Resultados: Participaram 183 profissionais de saúde, sendo 136 integrantes da Estratégia Saúde da Família, 20 agentes de controle de endemias e 27 veterinários. Identificaram-se deficiências de percepção dos profissionais de saúde a respeito da epidemiologia e da sintomatologia da doença. Conclusões: Fragilidades na percepção dos profissionais de saúde quanto à epidemiologia e à sintomatologia da LV ficaram evidenciadas, o que poderá impactar na detecção precoce de casos da doença e, consequentemente, na execução das ações preconizadas para o controle e prevenção da doença. É necessário investir em estratégias de capacitação sobre a LV, visando corrigir lacunas no conhecimento e fomentar discussões que englobem a complexidade do tema.

Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is  considered one of the most relevant zoonoses in the Americas due to its high magnitude, wide geographic distribution, and high fatality rate. Objective: Evaluate the perception of health professionals regarding the occurrence of VL in Uruguaiana (RS). Method: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire from December 2016 to January 2017. Results: One hundred eighty-three health professionals participated in the study (one hundred thirty-six members of the Family Health Strategy, twenty endemic control agents and twenty-seven veterinarians). Health professionals' perception deficiencies were identified regarding the epidemiology and symptomatology of the disease. Conclusions: This study showed weaknesses in the knowledge of health professionals about the epidemiology and symptoms of VL, which may impact the early detection of cases and,  consequently, their favorable resolution. It is necessary to invest in training strategies on VL, aiming to correct gaps in knowledge and foster discussion on the subject.

Salmonella spp. in Aquaculture: An Exploratory Analysis (Integrative Review) of Microbiological Diagnoses between 2000 and 2020.

The present study aimed to characterize, through descriptive statistics, data from scientific articles selected in a systematic integrative review that performed a microbiological diagnosis of Salmonella spp. in aquaculture. Data were obtained from research articles published in the BVS, Scielo, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science databases. The selected studies were published between 2000 and 2020 on samples of aquaculture animal production (fish, shrimp, bivalve mollusks, and other crustaceans) and environmental samples of aquaculture activity (farming water, soil, and sediments). After applying the exclusion criteria, 80 articles were selected. Data such as country of origin, categories of fish investigated, methods of microbiological diagnosis of Salmonella spp., sample units analyzed and most reported serovars were mined. A textual analysis of the word cloud and by similarity and descending hierarchical classification with the application of Reinert's algorithm was performed using R® and Iramuteq® software. The results showed that a higher percentage of the selected articles came from Asian countries (38.75%). Fish was the most sampled category, and the units of analysis of the culture water, muscle and intestine were more positive. The culture isolation method is the most widespread, supported by more accurate techniques such as PCR. The most prevalent Salmonella serovars reported were S. Typhimurium, S. Weltevreden and S. Newport. The textual analysis showed a strong association of the terms "Salmonella", "fish" and "water", and the highest hierarchical class grouped 25.4% of the associated text segments, such as "aquaculture", "food" and "public health". The information produced characterizes the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in the aquaculture sector, providing an overview of recent years. Future research focusing on strategies for the control and prevention of Salmonella spp. in fish production are necessary and should be encouraged.

A cross-sectional study of Leishmania spp. in draft horses from the Distrito Federal, Brazil: Seroprevalence, spatial distribution, and associated factors.

Equine leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan of the Leishmania genus, and it has been reported in several countries around the world, especially Brazil. Therefore, the present investigation aims to conduct a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence, spatial distribution, and associated factors with seropositivity for Leishmania spp. in draft horses from the Distrito Federal, Brazil. The serological survey was conducted on 411 animals, employing the Indirect Immunofluorescence Test (IFA) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The Kappa (κ) and gross agreement indexes evaluated the Leishmania spp. seropositivity by IFA and ELISA test. The statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test and logistic regression. The spatial analysis showed the areas with the highest number of seropositive and the Moran autocorrelation analyses between the spatial distribution and the epidemiological model's explanatory variables. A 27.01 % co-positivity was observed with a κ index of 52.64 %. The final model considered the variables: access to water bodies (p-value = 0.008, Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.26, Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.24-4.13), the absence of the use of ectoparasiticide (p-value = 0.008, OR = 1.93 CI = 1.18-3.15) and traveling animal (p-value = 0.059, OR = 1.54, CI = 0.98-2.41). The Kernel map showed hot areas with a high concentration of nine positive animals per area and some lighter areas ranging from five to seven positive animals per area where control measures should be performed. The Moran autocorrelation analysis was significant for the variables: traveling animal (Moran's I = 0.540 and pseudo-p-value = 0.001) and the absence of use ectoparasiticide (Moran's I = 0.259 and pseudo-p-value = 0.005). The current study exposes a high seroprevalence of Leishmania spp. in horses in the Distrito Federal, Brazil. Moreover, it proposes that traveling animal, the access to water bodies and the absence of the use of ectoparasiticide are significantly associated with seropositivity for Leishmania spp. in draft horses, which may contribute to the implementation of prophylactic and controls measures where leishmaniasis is already stalled.

Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in dogs and cats of humans diagnosed with COVID-19 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Infection by SARS-CoV-2 in domestic animals has been related to close contact with humans diagnosed with COVID-19. Objectives: To assess the exposure, infection, and persistence by SARS-CoV-2 of dogs and cats living in the same households of humans that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, and to investigate clinical and laboratory alterations associated with animal infection. METHODS: Animals living with COVID-19 patients were longitudinally followed and had nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal and rectal swabs collected and tested for SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, blood samples were collected for laboratory analysis, and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT90) to investigate specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. RESULTS: Between May and October 2020, 39 pets (29 dogs and 10 cats) of 21 patients were investigated. Nine dogs (31%) and four cats (40%) from 10 (47.6%) households were infected with or seropositive for SARS-CoV-2. Animals tested positive from 11 to 51 days after the human index COVID-19 case onset of symptoms. Three dogs tested positive twice within 14, 30, and 31 days apart. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies were detected in one dog (3.4%) and two cats (20%). In this study, six out of thirteen animals either infected with or seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 have developed mild but reversible signs of the disease. Using logistic regression analysis, neutering, and sharing bed with the ill owner were associated with pet infection. CONCLUSIONS: The presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been identified in dogs and cats from households with human COVID-19 cases in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. People with COVID-19 should avoid close contact with their pets during the time of their illness.

Geoprocessing and spatial analysis for identifying leptospirosis risk areas: a systematic review.

Leptospirosis is a reemerging zoonosis caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira sp. with global importance in the medical and veterinary fields, being responsible for about 59 thousand deaths each year in the world. The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the health sector is propitious and has been adopted by human and animal health professionals as an important tool in spatial analyses of health. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review on the geoprocessing and spatial analysis techniques adopted for mapping risk areas of human and animal leptospirosis. The articles were collected on scientific platforms by entering the following terms: SIG/GIS, leptospirose/leptospirosis, area de risco/risk area and distribuicao espacial/spatial distribution, and included in the study if they met the following criteria: a) publication in the period from 1998 to 2017; b) identification of risk areas and/or spatial distribution of leptospirosis as one of the research topics; and c) application of GIS in the methodology. As a result, we found 40 articles, published by 15 different countries, which adopted GIS for the spatial analysis and identification of risk areas of leptospirosis. Among these, only 45% (18) conducted an spatial statistical analysis. Brazil and USA had the highest numbers of publications, 16 and 7 articles, respectively. From 2007, the use of GIS and spatial analysis techniques, applied to the theme of this study, have been intensified and diversified, and 93% of the articles elected for this review were published from 2007 to 2017. The results point to a progressive interest of health professionals in applying these techniques for monitoring and conducting epidemiological analyses of leptospirosis, besides indicating a greater need for intersectoral integration between health professionals and others, in the use of spatial analysis and GIS techniques.

Triatomine dispersion rates and their association with socioeconomic and environmental conditions in Northeastern Brazil, from 2009 to 2013.

Triatomines are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi , the etiological agent of Chagas disease, which affects between 6 and 12 million people in Latin America, with an incidence rate of 12 thousand cases per year. In the Ceara State, the predominance of the caatinga biome, coupled with a large rural area with precarious human habitations, provides several s shelters for these insects. In this study, we determined the spatiotemporal distribution of triatomine dispersion rates in the Cariri region, Southern Ceara and ascertained the possible association between these rates with socioeconomic and environmental factors. Dispersion rates (number of positive localities/number of searched localities × 100) were analyzed regarding 13 municipalities from the Ceara State, from 2009 to 2013. Socioeconomic and environmental variables collected from national research institutes were associated with the dispersion rates and their local empirical Bayesian estimates. All the municipalities recorded dispersion rates over 10% in all years, and 11 municipalities had average rates over 40% for the period of study. Significant differences were observed among the municipality means. The highest rates were observed in Antonina do Norte and Potengi. According to the correlation analysis, the proportion between the occupied population and the total population showed a significant negative correlation, as well as the percentage of the population who lives under adequate sanitary conditions. Both, the percentage of revenues from external sources and the percentage of urban households in reforested blocks had a significant positive correlation. Our results show that socioeconomic and environmental variables can be factors that contribute to both, the maintenance and the reduction of the elevated dispersion rates observed in the study area. Similar researches that encompass more municipalities from that region may reinforce Chagas disease surveillance and control in the Northeast of Brazil.

Mapping Soil Organic Carbon and Organic Matter Fractions by Geographically Weighted Regression.

The soil organic matter (SOM) content and dynamic are related to vegetation cover, climate, relief, and geology; these factors have strong variation in space in the southeastern of Brazil. The objective of the study was to compare and evaluate performance of classical multiple linear regressions (MLR) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models to predict soil organic carbon (SOC) and chemical fractions of organic matter in the Brazilian southeastern mountainous region. The regression models were fitted based on SOC and chemical fractions of SOM. The points ( = 89) were selected by pedologist's experience along transects and toposequences. The covariates were also selected using the empirical knowledge of pedologists when choosing variables that drive soil carbon content and its dynamics. Geology map, legacy soils map, terrain attributes derived from digital elevation model, and remote sensing indices derived from RapidEye sensor bands were used as covariates. In all MLR models (except for fulvic acid fraction [FAF]), the legacy soil map was selected as a covariate by the stepwise approach. The geology map was not selected as important covariate to predict FAF and humin (HUM). At least one variable derived from remote sensing was selected by the adjusted models. For the prediction of the SOC, HUM, and FAF, the GWR models had the highest performance. The MLR models extrapolated the results, especially for SOC. The relationships among SOC, SOM fractions, and environmental covariates were affected by local landscape variability, and the GWR model was better at modeling.

Parasite abundance and its determinants in fishes from Brazil: an eco-epidemiological approach.

The variability in parasite abundance has an ecological basis; however, from an epidemiological point of view, the contribution of factors inherent to the host to the variability in parasite abundance remains an open question. A database consisting of 3,746 specimens of 73 fish species was used to verify the relation between the distribution of parasite abundance in fishes and a set of biotic factors inherent to the hosts. Classical and mixed Poisson regression models were constructed. Prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated. The parasite abundance was significantly higher in female hosts, nonschooling species, species from benthopelagic and pelagic habitats, and fishes with greater body length. Overall, these results suggest that the variability in the abundance of infection is an attribute of the parasite species. Although the results are biologically plausible, important gaps may still exist and should be explored to better understand the variations in parasite abundance, which has great relevance in epidemiological studies. We reinforce the importance of choosing the statistical model most appropriate for the nature of the data to avoid spurious results, especially when the autocorrelation in the data is not taken into account.

Factors associated with parasite dominance in fishes from Brazil.

The present study used regression models to evaluate the existence of factors that may influence the numerical parasite dominance with an epidemiological approximation. A database including 3,746 fish specimens and their respective parasites were used to evaluate the relationship between parasite dominance and biotic characteristics inherent to the studied hosts and the parasite taxa. Multivariate, classical, and mixed effects linear regression models were fitted. The calculations were performed using R software (95% CI). In the fitting of the classical multiple linear regression model, freshwater and planktivorous fish species and body length, as well as the species of the taxa Trematoda, Monogenea, and Hirudinea, were associated with parasite dominance. However, the fitting of the mixed effects model showed that the body length of the host and the species of the taxa Nematoda, Trematoda, Monogenea, Hirudinea, and Crustacea were significantly associated with parasite dominance. Studies that consider specific biological aspects of the hosts and parasites should expand the knowledge regarding factors that influence the numerical dominance of fish in Brazil. The use of a mixed model shows, once again, the importance of the appropriate use of a model correlated with the characteristics of the data to obtain consistent results.

Parasite abundance and its determinants in fishes from Brazil: an eco-epidemiological approach / Abundância parasitária e seus determinantes em peixes do Brasil: uma abordagem ecoepidemiológica

Abstract The variability in parasite abundance has an ecological basis; however, from an epidemiological point of view, the contribution of factors inherent to the host to the variability in parasite abundance remains an open question. A database consisting of 3,746 specimens of 73 fish species was used to verify the relation between the distribution of parasite abundance in fishes and a set of biotic factors inherent to the hosts. Classical and mixed Poisson regression models were constructed. Prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated. The parasite abundance was significantly higher in female hosts, nonschooling species, species from benthopelagic and pelagic habitats, and fishes with greater body length. Overall, these results suggest that the variability in the abundance of infection is an attribute of the parasite species. Although the results are biologically plausible, important gaps may still exist and should be explored to better understand the variations in parasite abundance, which has great relevance in epidemiological studies. We reinforce the importance of choosing the statistical model most appropriate for the nature of the data to avoid spurious results, especially when the autocorrelation in the data is not taken into account.

Resumo A variabilidade na abundância parasitária tem embasamento na perspectiva ecológica, entretanto, do ponto de vista epidemiológico, permanece em aberto a possibilidade da contribuição de fatores inerentes aos hospedeiros para essa variabilidade. Foram analisados 3.746 espécimes, pertencentes a 73 espécies de peixes, para verificar a relação entre a distribuição da abundância parasitária em peixes e um conjunto de fatores bióticos inerentes aos hospedeiros. Modelos de Regressão de Poisson clássico e misto foram ajustados. As razões de prevalência (RP) e seus respectivos intervalos, com 95% de confiança, foram estimados. A abundância parasitária foi significativamente maior em hospedeiros fêmeas, não formadoras de cardumes, de hábitats bentopelágico e pelágico e com maior comprimento do corporal. De um modo geral, esses resultados sugerem que a abundância de infecção é um atributo da espécie de parasitos que pode ser variável. Apesar dos resultados apresentarem plausibilidade biológica, ainda pode haver lacunas importantes a serem exploradas para o melhor entendimento das variações da abundância parasitária que, por sua vez, tem grande relevância nos estudos epidemiológicos. Reforça-se a importância da escolha de um modelo estatístico mais adequado à natureza dos dados, evitando-se resultados espúrios, principalmente quando não se leva em conta a autocorrelação entre os dados.

Factors associated with parasite dominance in fishes from Brazil / Fatores associados com a dominância parasitária em peixes do Brasil

Abstract The present study used regression models to evaluate the existence of factors that may influence the numerical parasite dominance with an epidemiological approximation. A database including 3,746 fish specimens and their respective parasites were used to evaluate the relationship between parasite dominance and biotic characteristics inherent to the studied hosts and the parasite taxa. Multivariate, classical, and mixed effects linear regression models were fitted. The calculations were performed using R software (95% CI). In the fitting of the classical multiple linear regression model, freshwater and planktivorous fish species and body length, as well as the species of the taxa Trematoda, Monogenea, and Hirudinea, were associated with parasite dominance. However, the fitting of the mixed effects model showed that the body length of the host and the species of the taxa Nematoda, Trematoda, Monogenea, Hirudinea, and Crustacea were significantly associated with parasite dominance. Studies that consider specific biological aspects of the hosts and parasites should expand the knowledge regarding factors that influence the numerical dominance of fish in Brazil. The use of a mixed model shows, once again, the importance of the appropriate use of a model correlated with the characteristics of the data to obtain consistent results.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou, por meio de modelos de regressão e sob o ponto de vista epidemiológico, a existência de fatores que podem influenciar a dominância numérica parasitária. Utilizou-se um banco de dados, contendo 3.746 espécimes de peixes e seus respectivos parasitos, para avaliar a relação da dominância parasitária com características bióticas inerentes aos hospedeiros e aos táxons parasitários estudados. Foram ajustados modelos de regressão linear multivariada, clássico e de efeitos mistos. Os cálculos foram realizados no software R (IC 95%). No ajuste do modelo de regressão linear múltipla clássico, as espécies de peixes dulcícolas, as planctívoras e o comprimento do corpo foram associadas à dominância parasitária, assim como os táxons Trematoda, Monogenea e Hirudínea. Entretanto, o ajuste do modelo de efeitos mistos demonstrou que apenas o comprimento do hospedeiro e os táxons Nematota, Trematoda, Monogenea, Hirudínea e Crustácea estão associados significativamente a dominância parasitária. Estudos que considerem os aspectos biológicos específicos dos hospedeiros e dos parasitos devem ampliar o entendimento sobre os fatores que interferem na dominância numérica em peixes do Brasil. A utilização do modelo misto demonstra, mais uma vez, a importância do uso adequado do modelo que respeite a natureza dos dados para a obtenção de resultados consistentes.

Factors associated with parasite aggregation levels in fishes from Brazil.

The degree of parasite aggregation is determined by a number of factors that are not well understood. In total, 3,746 fish from 73 species and their parasites were analyzed to determine associations between the degree of aggregation by taxon and specific characteristics of the fish. A multiple linear regression (95% confidence interval - CI) was used to show that in most taxa, the degree of parasite aggregation was significantly higher in freshwater fish and schooling fish but varied according to taxon in relation to gender, habitat and feeding habits. Parasite aggregations were also significantly increased in fish with a large number of parasitic larvae and greater body length in all evaluated taxa. Because the coefficients of determination of the models were lower than 60% for all taxa, other factors may be involved in parasite aggregation. Conversely, marked significance was observed for the tested variables in relation to taxon dependence, which indicates that additional studies should be performed for these factors using comprehensive databases with larger samples per parasite species.

Factors associated with parasite aggregation levels in fishes from Brazil / Fatores associados aos níveis de agregação parasitária em peixes do Brasil

The degree of parasite aggregation is determined by a number of factors that are not well understood. In total, 3,746 fish from 73 species and their parasites were analyzed to determine associations between the degree of aggregation by taxon and specific characteristics of the fish. A multiple linear regression (95% confidence interval - CI) was used to show that in most taxa, the degree of parasite aggregation was significantly higher in freshwater fish and schooling fish but varied according to taxon in relation to gender, habitat and feeding habits. Parasite aggregations were also significantly increased in fish with a large number of parasitic larvae and greater body length in all evaluated taxa. Because the coefficients of determination of the models were lower than 60% for all taxa, other factors may be involved in parasite aggregation. Conversely, marked significance was observed for the tested variables in relation to taxon dependence, which indicates that additional studies should be performed for these factors using comprehensive databases with larger samples per parasite species.

O nível de agregação parasitária é determinado por um conjunto de fatores não muito bem elucidados. Foram analisados 3.746 peixes pertencentes a 73 espécies e seus respectivos parasitos, com o objetivo de verificar a associação entre o nível de agregação por táxon e algumas características dos peixes. Por meio da técnica de regressão linear múltipla (IC 95%), observou-se que o nível de agregação de parasitos foi significativamente maior em peixes dulcícolas e formadores de cardume, na maioria dos táxons, mas variou conforme o táxon em relação ao sexo, o hábitat e o hábito alimentar. A agregação parasitária também aumentou significativamente em peixes com maior proporção de larvas parasitas e com maior comprimento do corpo em todos os táxons avaliados. Tendo em vista que os coeficientes de determinação dos modelos para todos os táxons foram inferiores a 60%, outros fatores podem estar envolvidos na agregação de parasitos. Por outro lado, as variáveis testadas assumem importância diferenciada na dependência do táxon, sinalizando para a necessidade de se continuar pesquisando esses fatores em bancos de dados mais abrangentes e com amostras maiores por espécies de parasitos.

Perfil sociodemografico y calificación del enfermero neonatal en el cuidado del desarrollo: estudio descriptivo / Perfil sociodemográfico e qualificação do enfermeiro neonatal no cuidado desenvolvimental: estudo descritivo / Socio-demographic profiles and qualifications of neonatal nurses in developmental care: a descriptive study

Aim: To describe the socio-demographic profile and to analyze the qualifications of nurses involved in the developmental care of the newborn in a neonatal unit. Method: This is a census and descriptive study performed in 10 neonatal care units, part of the public health system of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The sample was composed of 111 nurses who work with newborns. Results: 91% are female; the majority (44.1%) are between 30-49 years of age; they work in more than one location (86.4%); 45% finished their studies less than 10 years ago; 42.3% have less than 10 years of professional experience; 73.8% are specialists; 72% are satisfied with their work routine; 78,3% get some information regarding the developmental care of the newborn, the majority of these (37.9%) during their undergraduate and specialization courses; 63% have not been taken part in workshops/training about developmental care, and 44.1% are unaware that their working places have any sort of directives, protocols or routines about developmental care. Conclusion: It is recommended that permanent updates, workshops, and training sessions for nurses regarding developmental care be introduced.

Objetivo: describir el perfil sociodemográfico y analizar la calificación del enfermero para el cuidado y el desarrollo del recién nacido en una unidad neonatal. Método: censo y estúdio descriptivo sobre diez unidades neonatales de la red pública del municipio de Rio de Janeiro. La muestra fue constituida por 111 enfermeros que actúan junto al recién nacido. Resultados: 91% de género femenino, mayoría (44,1%) con edad de 30-49 años, con más de un empleo (86,4%), 45% con tiempo de formación y 42,3% de experiencia profesional inferior a 10 años, 73,8% con especialización y 72% satisfechos con su trabajo. 78,3% recibieron informaciones sobre el cuidado del desarrollo del recién nacido, siendo la mayoría (37,9%) en la graduación y postgrado. 63% no participaron del curso/entrenamiento con relación al cuidado del desarrollo y 44,1% desconocen si en sus unidades existen protocolos de directrices, protocolos o rutinas acerca del cuidado del desarrollo. Conclusión: se recomienda la atualización, capacitación y educación permanentes de los enfermeros con relación al cuidado y desarrrollo.

Objetivo: descrever o perfil sociodemográfico e analisar a qualificação do enfermeiro para o cuidado desenvolvimental do recém-nascido em unidade neonatal. Método: estudo censitário e descritivo, realizado em 10 unidades neonatais da rede pública do município do Rio de Janeiro. A amostra foi constituída por 111 enfermeiros que atuam junto do recém-nascido. Resultados: 91% do gênero feminino, maioria (44,1%) na faixa de idade de 30-49 anos, com mais de um vínculo empregatício (86,4%), 45% com tempo de formação e 42,3% de experiência profissional inferior a 10 anos, 73,8% com especialização e 72% satisfeitos com seu trabalho. 78,3% receberam informações quanto ao cuidado desenvolvimental do recém-nascido, sendo a maioria (37,9%) na graduação e pós-graduação. 63% não participaram de curso/treinamento quanto ao cuidado desenvolvimental e 44,1% desconhecem se em suas unidades existem diretrizes, protocolos ou rotinas acerca do cuidado desenvolvimental. Conclusão: recomenda-se atualização, capacitação e educação permanentes dos enfermeiros quanto ao cuidado desenvolvimental.

Modelagem espacial, temporal e longitudinal: diferentes abordagens do estudo da leptospirose urbana / Space, time and longitudinal modeling: different approaches for the urban leptospirosis study

(...) O objetivo desta tese foi modelar os fatores de risco associados à ocorrência de leptospirose urbana em diferentes contextos, com especial atenção para aspectos espaciais e temporais. Foram utilizadas técnicas de modelagem tais como, modelos generalizados aditivos e mistos. Também explorou-se técnicas de detecção de aglomerados espaço-temporais. (...)

Contexto sócio-econômico e percepção da saúde bucal em uma população de adultos no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: uma análise multinível / Socioeconomic context and perceived oral health in an adult population in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a multilevel analysis

Um problema dos delineamentos ecológicos é o viés de agregação. Uma alternativa é selecionar estruturas contextuais de menor tamanho e maior homogeneidade interna. Nós comparamos diferentes estruturas geográficas de dados, com a finalidade de estimar efeitos de variáveis sócio-econômicas contextuais na chance de saúde bucal percebida ruim. As análises foram baseadas em um delineamento misto, que compreendeu os participantes dos censos Pró-Saúde I e II, residentes no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em 1999 (n = 2.426). Os indicadores do contexto de residência dos participantes foram extraídos do Censo Demográfico da Unidade Federativa do Rio de Janeiro de 1991. Em estudos epidemiológicos com estruturas hierárquicas de dados e desfechos categóricos, a utilização do coeficiente de partição de variância permite analisar a origem da variabilidade do desfecho em relação aos níveis hierárquicos. Neste estudo, a partição geográfica de menor tamanho (setor censitário) foi a melhor unidade contextual de análise para explicar a variabilidade da saúde bucal percebida. Atributos sócio-econômicos individuais revelaram maior poder explicativo para a variação na saúde bucal percebida do que os contextos sócio-econômicos das áreas de residência.

One of the main limitations of the ecological design is aggregation bias. The problem can be addressed by designs that use small contextual hierarchical units with internal homogeneity. This study aimed to compare different geographic data structures in order to explore contextual effects of socioeconomic variables on the odds of perceived poor oral health. The analyses were based on a mixed design that included data from civil servants participating in the "Pró-Saúde" censuses I and II and residing in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1999 (n = 2,426); contextual data were obtained from the National Demographic Census conducted in 1991. We used the variance partition coefficient to compare different geographic hierarchical structures. In this study, the smallest geographic partition (census tract) was the best unit for contextual analysis for studying variability in perceived poor oral health. Individual socioeconomic attributes explained more of the variance in perceived oral health than did the socioeconomic contexts of residential areas.

[Socioeconomic context and perceived oral health in an adult population in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A multilevel analysis]. / Contexto sócio-econômico e percepção da saúde bucal em uma população de adultos no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: uma análise multinível.

One of the main limitations of the ecological design is aggregation bias. The problem can be addressed by designs that use small contextual hierarchical units with internal homogeneity. This study aimed to compare different geographic data structures in order to explore contextual effects of socioeconomic variables on the odds of perceived poor oral health. The analyses were based on a mixed design that included data from civil servants participating in the "Pró-Saúde" censuses I and II and residing in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1999 (n = 2,426); contextual data were obtained from the National Demographic Census conducted in 1991. We used the variance partition coefficient to compare different geographic hierarchical structures. In this study, the smallest geographic partition (census tract) was the best unit for contextual analysis for studying variability in perceived poor oral health. Individual socioeconomic attributes explained more of the variance in perceived oral health than did the socioeconomic contexts of residential areas.

[Spatial distribution of leptospirosis in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1996-1999]. / Distribuição espacial da leptospirose no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ao longo dos anos de 1996-1999.

Leptospirosis, one of the most widely disseminated zoonoses in the world, is endemic in Brazil and is characterized by outbreaks during seasons with the greatest rainfall. In 1996 the city of Rio de Janeiro experienced one of the largest urban epidemics in the country, shortly after heavy rainstorms in the month of February, with 1,732 reported cases and 51 deaths. The objective of this work was to describe the spatial distribution of leptospirosis in the city of Rio de Janeiro during the period 1996-1999. Data were from the National Information System for Reportable Diseases. The kernel ratio for cases and population generated a smoothed surface, which estimates the intensity of the leptospirosis incidence rate. In the resulting maps over the course of the study period, the sites with the highest leptospirosis intensity were not repeated, and the sites normally considered as having the highest risk -- slum areas and flooded areas -- were not always the most heavily affected. The techniques used can represent an important methodological acquisition for establishing territory-based surveillance.

Distribuição espacial da leptospirose no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ao longo dos anos de 1996-1999 / Spatial distribution of leptospirosis in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1996-1999

A leptospirose, uma das zoonoses mais difundidas no mundo, é endêmica no Brasil, sendo caracterizada principalmente pelo aparecimento de surtosnas épocas de maior precipitação pluviométrica. O Município do Rio de Janeiro apresentou, em 1996, uma das maiores epidemias urbanas, logo após a ocorrência de fortes temporais no mês de fevereiro, com 1.732 casos notificados e 51 óbitos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a distribuição espacial da leptospirose na cidade do Rio de Janeiro ao longo dos anos 1996-1999. Os dados foram provenientes do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). A razão da suavização espacial, baseada em função Kernel, de casos e de população permitiu gerar uma superfície suavizada, que é um estimador da intensidade da incidência da leptospirose. Nos mapas resultantes, ao longo do período considerado, os locais de maior intensidade de ocorrência da leptospirose não se repetem, e, surpreendentemente, os locais usualmente considerados de maior risco - áreas faveladas e sujeitas a inundações - não foram sempre as mais atingidas. As técnicas utilizadas são uma importante aquisição metodológica na construção de vigilância de base territorial.